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Vanadium(V) is an essential trace element for certain biological enzymatic reactions but becomes toxic at higher concentrations. The impact of V at concentrations of 0-500 mg/kg V(V) spiked in soils on soil enzymatic activities, and microbial diversity was investigated in soybean pot experiments. The results from sequential extraction of soil V indicated increasing V mobilizable fractions with increase of soil V concentrations. The soil sulfatase activity decreased drastically from 2.35-5.55 to 0.30-0.88 mu mol methylumbelliferon (MUB)/[h g soil] with increasing soil V loading at different vegetative stages. Surprisingly, the activity of soil phenol oxidase increased from 0-0.73 to 3.74-7.61 mu molL-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (DOPA)/[h g soil] with increasing soil V concentrations at different vegetative stages probably due to oxidation stress caused by V in soils. These observations were not affected by the presence of soybean plants. In comparison, soil phosphatase, protease, and beta-glucosidase showed no significant reaction to V concentrations in soil. Both fungal and bacterial communities changed significantly at different levels of V treatments. Accordingly, V may pose a threat to some biologically mediated functions in soils even at low bioavailable amounts.
