Soil erosion can alter the storage of carbon (C) and other biogeochemical properties in both eroding and depositional soils. Little is yet known about soil microbial responses to erosion-induced changes in the quantity and quality of organic matter in mountain grasslands. To examine biogeochemical and microbiological responses to soil erosion, we compared the concentrations and stable isotope ratios of C and N, and microbial properties in eroding upslope (oxic), and depositional downslope (oxic) and wetland soils among three grasslands in the Swiss Alps. Compared to the reference site (Moos), the eroding upslope soils (Laui and Bielen) tended to have lower N concentrations and δ¹⁵N. The depositional wetland soils had higher δ¹³C and lower δ¹⁵N and C and N concentrations compared to the reference wetland, reflecting the influence of dry, oxic soils from eroding slopes. The depositional wetland soils had lower water-extractable organic C (WEOC) concentrations and optical intensities (UV absorbance and humic- and protein-like fluorescence) compared to the reference wetland. The activity of soil enzymes was positively related to most of the measured parameters indicative of organic matter quantity (e.g., %C and %N) and quality (e.g., WEOC and protein-like fluorescence), exhibiting significantly lower values in the sheet erosion-affected wetland (Bielen) than at the other sites. 16S rRNA gene copy numbers in the wetland were smaller than in the upland soil at all sites and greatest at Laui among three sites, indicating a potential alteration of the microbial community by the deposited oxic soils and attached microbial cells. The results suggest that soils deposited from the eroding slopes can slow down organic matter decomposition in the depositional wetland soils through decreases in the availability of labile organic matter and enzyme activity. Further research is required to elucidate erosion-induced changes in the activity and abundance of wetland microbial communities.