The partial order of majorization is omnipresent in applied mathematics, statistics and various fields of application. It suggests comparing two given vectors, for example representing the incomes of two populations, by comparing the partial sums of their ordered entries. A slight generalization, the Lorenz order, also figures prominently in inequality measurement, where the Lorenz curve is used for visualizing and ranking income distributions. This project investigates various applications of majorization and the Lorenz order, among them inequality measurement and related problems in economics, Condorcet jury theorems in political science, statistical distribution theory, inequalities for special functions, and possibly even problems in the hard sciences.